The Role of Women in Beowulf - 1137 Words

The Role of Women in Beowulf The women in Beowulf, which was written around 70 CE by an anonymous poet, fill many different roles, ranging from peacekeepers to wives and monsters, all of which are evidenced in the Queen Wealtheow, Queen Hygd, Hidleburh, and Grendel’s mother. The most prominent role of women throughout the poem is devoted wives and queens, which is reflected in the portrayal of Queen Wealtheow. When she is first introduced, Wealtheow â€Å"went on her rounds, queenly and dignified, decked out in rings, offering the goblet to all ranks, treating the household and the assembled troop† and then â€Å"with measured words she welcomed the Geat and thanked God for granting her wish that a deliverer she could believe in would arrive to ease their afflictions† (lines 620–28). The anonymous poet paints a picture of Wealtheow as gracious, regal, and put together, everything that an ideal queen should be. Not only is she physically perfect, but she is also an ideal hostess – one who tends to everyone, welcomes guests warmly, and ensures that everything is running smoothly for her husband. Later in the poem, Wealtheow gives a toast, â€Å"enjoy this drink, my most generous lord; raise up your goblet, entertain the Geats d uly and gently, discourse with them, be open-handed, happy and fond† (lines 1168–71). Similar to this one, Wealtheow often gives speeches or toasts throughout the poem, something that, though not entirely masculine, is usually reserved for kings to give to hisShow MoreRelatedRole Of Women In Beowulf1039 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the novel Beowulf, women can be looked at as unimportant, but from Campbell’s excerpt one can see how the role of women in Beowulf is as essential as the role of men. Throughout the course of Beowulf, many men take part in acts of protection, bravery, and sacrifice, but what many do not notice is the roles women have taking part in those same actions. Although women’s acts of protection, bravery, and sacrifice in this novel seem to be minor and not as celebrated as the men’s acts, theyRead MoreEssay on The Role of Women in Beowulf1640 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Women in Beowulf Beowulf is an epic tale written over twelve hundred years ago. In the poem, several different female characters are introduced, and each woman possesses detailed and unique characteristics. The women in Beowulf are portrayed as strong individuals, each of whom has a specific role within the poem. Some women are cast as the cup-bearers and gracious hostesses of the mead halls, such as Wealhtheow and Hygd, while others, Grendels mother, fulfill the role of a monstrousRead MoreEssay about Role of Women in the Epic of Beowulf1585 Words   |  7 PagesRole of Women in Beowulf As an epic tale of heroes and monsters, Beowulf gives its readers much excitement and adventure, but Beowulfs importance is more than just literary. It offers many insights into the beliefs and customs of seventh-century Anglo-Saxon culture. Among these insights is the Anglo-Saxon view of women and their role in society. Good Anglo-Saxon women are peaceful and unassertive, greeting guests and serving drinks to the warriors and other men in the meadhall. WealhtheowRead More Role of Women in the Epic of Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon Society932 Words   |  4 PagesRole of Women in Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon Society  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Beowulf, the hero of Anglo-Saxon epic, had many adventures, and many companions and fellow-warriors are mentioned throughout his story. Some of them seem noble and courageous, truly living up to the standards of their culture; some seem cowardly. But all have gained immortality in the words, many times transcribed and translated, of the famous epic. However, the women of the time are rarely mentioned in Beowulf. Still, even from those fewRead MoreThe Role of Women in English Literature: From Beowulf up to the Late Eighteenth Century963 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss the role of women in English literature, both as characters in works written by men and women and as authors in their own right, from Beowulf up to the late eighteenth century. The role of women in English literature from Beowulf up to the late eighteenth century mostly represented the mores and gender expectations of the time. Exceptions were Rebecca in Sir Walter Scotts Ivanhoe who epitomized an intelligent and courageous woman and Grendalls mother in Beowulf who tried to attack theRead MoreAnglo-Saxon Literature Was Composed Between The Years 6501510 Words   |  7 PagesAnglo-Saxon literature was composed between the years 650 and 1110. Beowulf is one of the most famous epics written during this time. It’s also known as the oldest surviving Germanic epic and the longest Old English poem. Most stories written during this time were about the deeds of warriors, heroic acts, and religion. Beowulf is a warrior from the Geats who is asked to come protect king Hrothgar from an attack by a sea monster named Grendel. All of these characters are men. There are very few epicsRead More Medieval Women Essay1034 Words   |  5 PagesMedieval Women The roles of women in early Anglo-Saxon culture were strictly defined. Women were viewed as possessions and served the function of the peace-weaver. In this role women were married off to warring tribes to promote peace and were to perform duties such as passing the cup from warrior to warrior during ceremonial functions. Women in Anglo-Saxon culture possessed virtually no autonomy and consequently were consistently at the mercy of their lords or husbands. The sense ofRead MoreThe Similarities Of Beowulf And Sense And Sensibility1345 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent eras and literary movements are going to have similarities. At first glance the two stories, Beowulf and Sense and Sensibility, are completely different, but if you look closer, youll find as many similarities as differences, its just that the differences are the most prevalent elements of these two literary pieces. To start off, Beowulf and Sense and Sensibility are very different. Firstly, Beowulf is an epic lyric poem; a lyric poem is a poem meant to sung, while an epic poem is an elegy, aRead MoreJohn Leyerle, Jane Chance, And J.r. R. Tolkien1422 Words   |  6 Pagesvaluable insight to their respective depictions of Beowulf’s structure. While Chance and Tolkien are accurate in terms of the representation of the monsters and historical references in Beowulf, Leyerle’s argument offers a more inclusive and whole depiction of Beowulf’s structure. Leyerle describes the structure of Beowulf as interlacing. Leyerle’s essay is more cogent than Chance’s and Tolkien’s through the definition of interlace, the significance of digressions, and historical allusions presented inRead MoreThe Importance Of Female Heroism Through The Epic Of Beowulf1660 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf is known for displaying the importance of male heroism via Beowulf, but what about the significance of the women in the poem? The significance of women in Beowulf is overshadowed by the great heroism of the character Beowulf, but the women each have a reason for participating in the epic. The ideal woman was someone who was a noble, a mistress and loyal. An ideal woman is described in Maxim I: â€Å"at mead drinking she must at all times and places approach the protector of princes first, in front

Enron The United States Bankruptcy Code - 1857 Words

In 2001 Enron was famous throughout the business world and was known as an technology powerhouse, and a corporation with absolutely no fear. The unpredicted fall of Enron in 2001 shattered the lives of their employees and the people who believed that their greatness was genuine. It is said the fall of Enron was followed by some revelations on how they may have manipulated their way to the top. Enron was at one time America s seventh largest corporation. Enron fooled the world by portraying to be a steady company with good revenue but at the end we all seen that was not the case. Surprisingly large parts of Enron profit were made of paper. This was made possible due to traders and executives who were corrupt. Having deep debt and hiding†¦show more content†¦This made the company attractive for top graduates out of the best universities across America, which gave the company more competence and a big urge to strive forward. Enron employees were partly paid in stocks so increasing the stock price became a main interest. In 1990, a man named Jeffery Skilling joined Enron Corporation and in 1997, he was appointed as the company s Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Skilling demanded to change Enron s accounting system from a straight forward kind of accounting were Enron had listed actual revenue and costs of supplying and selling gas to the mark-to-market accounting system. These estimations were based on the future net value of the cash flow; costs related to the contract were often hard to figure out. This means that the estimated incomes from projects were included in all of Enron s accounting even though the money was not received and if there were any it would show up in future periods. Investors were given misleading information because of the deviation in the estimations. Enron was the first non-financial company to use the mark-to-market method. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission gave Enron their approval to use the method on January 30, 1992. Enron s purposed the entities were going to be used to dodge the traditional accounting conventions but also so they could hide debts. The entities made it possible for Enron to mislead, hide its

Provinces of the Philippines and Spanish Influence Origin free essay sample

A dance performed by lovely young  ladies carrying scented fans and flirts with  young men with canes and straw hats. Ladies dances their way to the heart of the men they desire through the use of a fan. Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) * BANOG TYPE: Cordillera Dance ORIGIN: Ifugao This dance depicts hunters protecting their hen and  chicks in Binaylan from a hungry hawk. The hunters trap the hawk and kill it in the end. Cordillera Dance ORIGIN: Benguet This is a circle dance, which is being performed to celebrate the  arrival of successfulheadhunters. It is also popularly known as  Bendian.   Lubuagan, Kalingga The homecoming of triumphant head hunters after a  successful kayaw of  headhunting, done to avenge the death or evil done to a family member or relative is celebrated with the playing of special gongs called gangsa. The minger or successful warriors are honoured by their female relatives with  gift of feather of lawi,beads or bongon and colorful g-string s  called ba-ag. We will write a custom essay sample on Provinces of the Philippines and Spanish Influence Origin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Victory songs are sung by  the by the villagers while the minger dance with closed fists while the bodan or the unsuccessful members of the headhunting group are demoted to  playing the gangsas.

Large Electrical Appliances Essay Example

Large Electrical Appliances Essay John Lewis offers a second year free on all White Goods. This is one of the extra services that distinguishes John Lewis above other stores. This was something that was decided centrally and is offered by all Large Electrical departments in all stores in the partnership.  When customers come into the department it is usually for two reasons. They are the high level of service that they have become accustomed to and the free two-year guarantee that is offered. The guarantee covers a number of things including accidental damage, loss of frozen food, and mechanical failure with an appliance. The guarantee starts from the date of purchase, which is where we have problems with customers. Delivery is never possible on the same day the order is placed and many customers question the fact that they are losing out on time of the Two year guarantee. Unfortunately there is no way around this problem. The Customer Service Manager is trained to deal with complaint and explains to the customer that the problem lies with the insurance company John Lewis uses, Landmark as that is the date that is printed on the bill. Changes with this could be made to print the delivery date on the bill. I have been assured by the manager of the Large Electrical that this is a point that has been raised at Head Office. He also said that customers do leave the department after having brought up the point as the CSM point out that they do have the customers best interest at heart as they offer the extra years guarantee in the first place. I was also told that the CSM explains to the customer, if a problem arose with the machine in the time gap that isnt covered in the two years something can usually be worked out with the customer. We will write a custom essay sample on Large Electrical Appliances specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Large Electrical Appliances specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Large Electrical Appliances specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These are just a few examples of how Customer service strategies are used in the Large Electrical Department to ensue that customers are happy with the service that they receive from John Lewis. They also highlight that even with these strategies there are problems that need to be addressed for perfect customer services.  These new strategies in the department have helped the department to meet its own objective in a number of ways. The Large Electrical Department has set a number of its own objectives so that is has its own targets to meet. These objectives are:- To provide an efficient service to our customers  To provide a reliable service to our customers  To provide a knowledgeable service to our customers  The Ticketing System  The new ticketing system has proved to be very successful with both the customers and the Selling Partners in the department. This has been noticed by the Customer Service Manager from comments he has received from customers after having been served in the department. Comments from the Partners show that they also like the system as they feel that it is less stressful as the department is more orderly. This system helps the department to run more efficiently as it is clear exactly who is the next customer to be served. It also means that the right Partners with the correct knowledge serve the correct people.  This does however raise the question of why dont all the partners have the full extensive knowledge on all the products and systems in the department. This is one of the Partnerships objectives and by showing that staff arent able to deal with all the customers that come into the department. Customer care is good as the Customer Service Manager links the suitable Selling Partner to the customer. This would be even better if all staff were able to deal with the customers. This makes it clear that not all the employees have the thorough training stated in the Partnerships aims. This is a point that needs to looked into to improve performance.  Telesales  As with the ticketing system the introduction of the telesales department has been a major success and has relieved the Large Electrical Department of some of the pressure that can build up during busy times. This new initiative has meant that the department is making more money as more sales are being made because staff in the shop can deal with a larger percentage of people that come into the department rather than some customers walking off because they cant get served. The telesales team can also deal with a large number of people. The new telesales also means that John Lewis has entered a new market, the home shopping market, making John Lewis services available to more people. Such people include professionals who dont have time to go out on shopping trip because of the busy lives they lead. As noted earlier there are some areas where changes need to be made in order for Telesales to run more effectively for the Large Electrical Department. Telesales Partners should also be trained in product knowledge instead of just systems training. At the moment staff on Telesales are able to place orders for customers but cant actually advise and help the customer choose what appliance is best suited for them. Once again this brings up the question of why arent partners being trained to multi task? By allowing this sort of training the partnerships aims would be met more effectively.  Computerised Ordering System  So far in the time that the computerised ordering system has been in operation there havent been any major problems with Partners getting to grip with the system as it is a fairly user friendly. The name of the system is Customer Service Net and it provides just that, good customer services. The customer can see exactly what is being done for instance the information that the partner puts into the system as the order is being placed. This minimizes the chance of mistakes being made which were fairly common with the old ordering format. It also means that delivery areas have become much wider for the branch as the Large Electrical Department can delivery the goods via other branches using the system. This has helped the department meet another of the objectives that the Partnership has set.  The amount of paperwork has also decreased so after the customer has left the department the selling partner can move straight onto serving the next customer. This means that customers arent waiting as long to be served, and are happy as the whole process of buying goods from this department is easier.

Facts About WW2

Facts About WW2 Free Online Research Papers I. The War Begins A. The Italian invasion of Ethiopia might be considered by some to be the starting point of WWII, but in the US perspective the war began in Asia. Even when the Germans re-occupied the Rhineland (territory given to France after WWI), Europe did not stir. In 1937, Japan launched a full-scale attack on China- attacking its 5 northern provinces. 1. This threatened US investments and other interests in the region as well as US access to several vital materials- especially rubber. 2. When President Roosevelt tried to rally public support for a US response (he proposed some kind of â€Å"quarantine† on Japan) his efforts fell flat- the public wanted nothing to do with it. 3. The depth of the US public commitment to isolation was revealed when, in December 1937, the Japanese bombed and sank a US gunboat (Panay) in broad daylight. The Japanese claimed it was an accident and the US public forgave them. B. Hitler began to make his move in 1938. In March, his forces swept into Austria and Hitler declared an â€Å"Anschluss†- Union with Austria. He then demanded that Czechoslovakia give him the Sudetenland- land on the German border that was occupied mainly by ethnic Germans. Czechoslovakia refused, but while it had a decent army, it was no match for the Germans without the support of others. Instead of offering support, Britain and France met with Hitler in Munich to discuss his demands. 1. This produced the famous â€Å"Munich Accords.† Britain and France agreed to support Hitler’s claims on the Sudetenland in return for a promise from Hitler that, â€Å"This is the last territorial claim I have to make in Europe.† 2. Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister, went home to a hero’s welcome for having prevented war. C. Despite his promise of Munich, Hitler seized the remainder of Czechoslovakia in early 1939 and started to threaten Poland. After signing a non-aggression pact with Stalin in August 1939, Hitler invaded Poland (September). D. Having formal alliances with Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days after the invasion of Poland. III. Global War A. Following his victory in Poland, Hitler took little action for several months. Many believed that he was finished and would be satisfied with the territory he had conquered. 1. In the US, Roosevelt tried to get the Congress to allow the sale of arms to England and France, but he got only partial victory. Congress permitted the sale of weapons, but continued to demand that it be on a cash and carry basis- England and France would have to pay for anything they bought with cash. Isolationism was still strong in the US. B. Then, starting in November, Hitler invaded the West- taking Finland, Denmark, Norway and Belgium en route to Paris. Joined by Italy, the Axis powers took France on June 22 1940. C. With Britain now facing Germany virtually alone, attitudes in the US began to change. There was still a huge movement against entering the war, but Congress did approve measures that allowed the administration to begin making preparations for war. 1. In September, 1940, Congress approved the first peace-time military draft in American history. 2. By December, 1940, Britain was virtually bankrupt, and the Congress abandoned it’s â€Å"cash and carry† policy, implementing the new â€Å"lend-lease† policy. It allowed the President to â€Å"lend† or â€Å"lease† armaments to any nation deemed vital to the interests of the US. 3. The US became, in Roosevelt’s words, â€Å"the arsenal of democracy.† 4. Still, the US did not enter the war, and satisfied with an air campaign designed to weaken the British in preparation for an eventual invasion, Hitler turned his attention east. He invaded Russia, in violation of their mutual non-aggression pact, in June 1941. 5. Roosevelt, convinced that US entry into the war in Europe was inevitable, met with Winston Churchill, the British leader, in August, 1941 a. Meeting aboard the USS Augusta, Churchill agreed that if the US entered the war, England would support US plans for the post-war order. This agreement, called the Atlantic Charter declared that the aims of the war were not to capture anyone’s territory, but simply to restore democracy and freedom of the seas, to establish a post war trading system which focused on free and open trade, to develop post-war international institutions that would provide some kind of international security, and which would demand the disarmament of belligerent states. b. Roosevelt knew that the American people would very likely resist entry into the war if these points were not agreed upon beforehand. D. In Asia, the crisis in Europe emboldened Japan, which proceeded to invade Southeast Asia- taking territories controlled by the French and British there. 1. Roosevelt was finally able to get Congress to respond to Japanese aggression in Asia, but Congress would approve only an economic response. The US imposed an embargo on the sale of oil and steel to Japan first. Following the Japanese invasion of Indochina, which threatened US rubber supplies, the US froze all Japanese assets in American banks. 2. The German invasion of Russia was particularly important, because it made a Japanese assault on the Russian Far East less urgent. The Japanese realized that the US economic stranglehold posed a more immediate threat and moved up plans to attack the US directly. The original Japanese war plan was designed to avoid a direct fight with the US, as Japan believed it could achieve its objectives by seizing most of the territory from Russian Siberia to Indonesia, which was rich in natural resources that Japan needed. E. The US gradually became more intimately involved in the British war effort as both American merchant ships and warships came to be used to ship arms and to protect others’ ships that were carrying arms. This led inevitably to numerous cases of German submarine attacks on American shipping. F. Still, the US public wanted to stay out of the war. They would remain opposed to US entry into WWII until the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. 1. Japan was desperate. Her oil reserves were very low and would have run out by the end of 1942. 2. Though the US was expecting some kind of attack, it was expected more in the Philippines than elsewhere. 3. The attack on Pearl Harbor was a complete surprise. It left the US Pacific Fleet crippled, killing 2,403 people, destroying 8 battleships and most the the Pearl Harbor aircraft fleet. 4. Nevertheless, the attack on Pearl Harbor was a failure for the Japanese. a. They were unable to destroy the US aircraft carrier battle groups, which had gone to sea days before. b. They failed to destroy the huge oil reserves at Pearl, which would have take months to restore. c. The attack unified the American people, who immediately shifted from an isolationist to a war footing. 5. On the day following the attack, the US declared war on Japan. Germany declared war on the US shortly after and the war had become genuinely global in scope. II. The course of the war. A. By mid-1940, England faced Germany alone. Instead of invading England immediately, Hitler decided to try to break down British defenses through an air campaign. The Battle of Britain was a long, sustained bombing campaign of England’s major cities. 1. Most historians now regard this as one of Hitler’s great mistakes. The bombing of London in particular united the British and strengthened their determination to fight to the last man. More important, it gave the British time to build up their own air force and to otherwise prepare for war. 2. A second major mistake of Hitler was his decision to invade Russia while the air campaign against England was still underway. The invasion of Russia in June, 1941, seemed to be an initial success- Stalin’s army was still unprepared and many of his Generals were inexperienced. a. However, as virtually every European invader from the past has learned, a successful invasion of Russia has to be completed before the bitterly cold Russian winter set in. Though Hitler moved quickly into Russia, taking huge chunks of territory as quickly as he had in Poland and France, he was not able to capture Moscow before the winter hit. b. Hitler’s army in Russia made another huge mistake- it treated conquered Russians with great brutality. This was a mistake because by most accounts, most Russians in Western Russia especially were not fond of life under Stalin. Had the Germans treated them well, they may have joined the German side. Instead, they became violently anti-German and conducted guerilla attacks on German forces throughout the war. B. Upon entering the war, the first US goals were to win the War of the Atlantic and to drive the Axis powers out of North Africa and back into Europe. 1. Some 400 Allied ships were lost on the Atlantic to German attack in 1942, and that number increased to 900 in 1943. However, as US ship production achieved full operation, the US and British began to turn the tide in 1943. C. Winning WWII in Europe 1. North Africa Campaign (Operation Torch) a. Axis were winning North Africa (threat to Middle East oil and Suez Canal) b. Erwin Rommels Afrika Korps sent c. Oct. 1942 Bernard Montgomery stopped advance at El Alamein turning point d. Nov. 1942 Dwight Eisenhower landed in Morocco and Algeria e. First action U.S. battered at Kasserine Pass f. May 13, 1943 surrendered at Tunis (Tunisia) 2. FDR and Churchill met for Casablanca Conference (Jan. 1943) a. Unconditional surrender of Axis called for. b. Plan invasion of Italy through Sicily c. Priority to win control of Atlantic 3. Battle of the Atlantic a. By 1942, 500 Allied ships lost to Germans, 900 lost in 1942 b. Sonar, depth charges, air patrols, radar c. Atlantic won by May, 1943 d. After summer, 1944, no Allied vessels lost 4. Sicily and Italy (Operation Huskey) a. July 10, 1943 250,000 Am. and Br. troops landed in Sicily b. July 25, Mussolinis govt fell he was imprisoned c. Sicily fell in 38 days! d. Italy agreed to surrender and switch sides! -Pietro Badoglio new Premier e. Battle of Italy became a bloodbath 5. While Battle of Italy going on, Allies met again to discuss strategy a. Conferences in Washington and Moscow b. Planned an invasion of Europe c. Nov 23 Big Three (FDR, Churchill, Stalin), or Grand Alliance met at Teheran, Iran -Stalin wanted relief -Feb 1943 Russians stopped German advance at Stalingrad d. By end of 1943, events favoring Allies -Bombing of Germany -By Spring, 1944, Allies control the air e. Planned invasion of Western Europe (Eisenhower put in charge of Operation Overlord) 6. Operation Overlord a. After France fell, Nazis fortified coast, weak spot was Normandy b. Allies amassed 3m troops, tons of equipment in S. England c. Prior to invasion, Allies sent 20,000 paratroopers to clear the beaches (five sites Omaha, Utah, Gold, Juno, Sword) d. Feigned attack at Calais; Hitler fell for it! e. At dawn, June 6 (D-Day) Allied army hit the beaches at Normandy f. July 25, Allies broke out g. Aug. 15, second invasion force landed on the Med. side of France (Cannes) h. Aug 25, Paris liberated i. By Sept, Allies reached Germany (Siegfried Line); talk of being home for Christmas j. Germany launched V-1 and V-2 rockets at England k. By late fall, Allies slowed down 7. Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes Forest, near Belgium) a. Dec. 16, Germans lunched last counteroffensive b. Pushed a bulge of some 50 miles into Allied line (75 miles across) c. Slowed Allied advance by 6 weeks; Russians entered Germany from the east d. 77,000 Allied casualties, 100,000 German e. By late Jan, the bulge had been wiped out f. But, before invading, one more conference 8. Yalta Conference (Crimea) to plan for post-war Europe a. Feb. 4-11, 1945 b. Ensured that Soviets would stay in war vs. Japan c. Planned another world organization (United Nations) 9. Fall of Germany (1945) a. Hitler still believed he could win! b. March 6 bridge at Ramagen (Rhine) captured c. Took Ruhr Valley (heavy industry), dropped 245,000 tons of bombs on German cities (saturation bombing) d. Before victory complete, FDR died in Warm Springs, GA on April 12, 1945 e. April 16 Red Army launched massive attack on Berlin f. April 25 US and USSR armies met at the Elbe g. April 28 Mussolini captured with his mistress h. April 30 Hitler and Eva Braun commit suicide i. May 2 Berlin fell to Soviets j. May 7 Karl Doenitz (U-boat commander), Hitlers successor, surrendered to U.S. k. May 8 repeated with all Allied reps present (V-E Day) B. After defeating the Nazis, the Japanese still had to be defeated Research Papers on Facts About WW2Appeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaGenetic Engineering19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraDefinition of Export QuotasMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductTwilight of the UAWWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is Art

Summary and Analysis of David Mamets Play Oleanna

Summary and Analysis of David Mamets Play Oleanna Oleanna, a powerful two-character drama by David Mamet, explores the destructiveness of miscommunication and excessive political correctness. It is a play about academic politics, student/teacher relationships, and sexual harassment. Plot Overview Carol, a female college student, privately meets with her male professor. She is concerned about failing the class. She is frustrated because she doesn’t understand the professor’s overly verbose lectures. At first, the professor (John) is callous with her, but when she explains that she feels incompetent, he expresses empathy for her. He â€Å"likes her† so he bends the rules and decides to give her an â€Å"A† if she agrees to meet with him to discuss the material, one-on-one. Act One During most of Act One, the teacher is abrupt, interruptive, and distracted by continual phone calls about real estate problems. When the student does get a chance to speak, it is difficult for her to express herself clearly. Their conversation becomes personal and sometimes upsetting. He touches her shoulder on several occasions, urging her to sit down or to remain in the office. Finally, she is about to confess something deeply personal, but the phone rings yet again and she never discloses her secret. Act Two An unknown amount of time passes (probably a few days)  and John meets with Carol again. However, it is not to discuss education or philosophy. The student has written a formal complaint about the professor’s behavior. She feels that the instructor was lewd and sexist. Also, she claims that his physical contact was a form of sexual harassment. Interestingly, Carol is now very well spoken. She criticizes him with great clarity and mounting hostility. The teacher is astounded that his previous conversation was interpreted in such an offensive way. Despite John’s protests and explanations, Carol is unwilling to believe that his intentions were good. When she decides to leave, he holds her back. She becomes scared and rushes out the door, calling for help. Act Three During their final confrontation, the professor is packing up his office. He has been fired. Perhaps because he is a glutton for punishment, he invites the student back to make sense out of why she destroyed his career. Carol has now become even more powerful. She spends much of the scene pointing out her instructor’s many flaws. She declares she is not out for revenge; instead she has been prompted by â€Å"her group† to take these measures. When it is revealed that she has filed criminal charges of battery and attempted rape, things get really ugly! (But this article won’t spoil the ending for the reader.) Who Is Right? Who Is Wrong? The genius of this play is that it stimulates discussion, even arguments. Is the professor attracted to her in Act One?Does he behave inappropriately?Does he deserve to be denied tenure?What are her motives?Is she doing this simply out of spite?Is she right to claim her professor is sexist? Or is she merely over-reacting? That’s the fun of this drama; it all about the perspective of each audience member. Ultimately, both characters are deeply flawed. Throughout the play, they rarely agree or understand each other. Carol, the Student Mamet designed her character so that most of the audience will ultimately loath Carol by Act Two. The fact that she interprets his touch on the shoulder as sexual assault shows that Carol may have some issues that she does not reveal. In the final scene, she tells the professor not to call his wife â€Å"Baby.† This is Mamet’s way of showing that Carol has truly crossed a line, prompting the enraged professor to cross a line of his own. John, the Teacher John may have good intentions in Act One. However, he doesn’t seem to be a very good or wise instructor. He spends most of his time waxing eloquently about himself and very little time actually listening. He does flaunt his academic power, and he does unintentionally demean Carol by shouting, â€Å"Sit down!† and by physically trying to urge her to stay and finish their conversation. He doesn’t realize his own capacity for aggression until it is too late. Still, many audience members believe that he is completely innocent of the charges of sexual harassment and attempted rape. Ultimately, the student possesses an underlying deviousness. The teacher, on the other hand, is overtly pompous and foolish. Together they make a very dangerous combination.

Write a paper that addresses how some component of BUSINESS will Research

Write a that addresses how some component of BUSINESS will impact the career for which you are studying - Research Paper Example I believe this component of business will be useful in my career since it will enable me forecast the human resource requirements of the organization and understand how to design the organizational structure depending on the reporting relationships and need for coordination of various related jobs (Griffin 23). This component will enable me become more proactive in my future career and understand how to accurately forecast the human talent demands of the organization. In this case, I will be capable of projecting the likelihood of increase in demand of the products through various management models and plan in advance in order to ensure the organization has the right mix of skills to cater for the future needs (Mathias and Jackson 45) Management will be essential in designing well defined jobs that will ensure task and job clarification. I will be capable of ensuring that the job design caters for the education, skills and other attributes that are essential for effective performance of the job and facilitates cooperation of the related jobs in order to facilitate the attainment of the overall organizational objectives (Griffin 34). As a human talent management professional, I will be tasked with recruitment and training of employees. I believe a major in management will enable me identify numerous recruitment sources and various training methods are suitable for the training needs of the employees. I will ensure the recruitment criteria is aligned with the specific job description and training methods aim at improving the output and productivity of all employees in the organization(Mathias and Jackson 135). This component of business will be essential in my career as a human resource manager since the directing function of managers is relevant in supervision, motivation and leadership of human resources in the organization. Management will introduce me to numerous leadership models and

Association of Women Police Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Association of Women Police - Essay Example In order to safeguard the interests of the police women in the various police departments present in the different regions across the globe, the Women Police association was primarily setup. The Women Police Association had its origins in the year 1915, which was just a blue print and remained in paper. The Association was setup in Washington DC after about one year in 1916. (www.bookrags.com) When one looks back at the history of the United States of America, one can very well see that women had been in the police department’s right from the year 1845. It was in the year 1893 that a women by name Mrs. Mari Owens was inducted into the Chicago Department of Police and was been given the Policeman rank, which entitled her to the power of arrest. It was only in the year 1910, which another woman by name Mrs. Alice Stebbins Wells was named as the Policewoman. (www.bookrags.com) The modern society by then had very well looked into the benefits of the introduction of the women in th e police force and has rightly acknowledged the need for women police officers, to deal with crimes related to women and children in particular. Indeed the main aim that was behind the creation of the Woman Police Association, was to take preventive actions against the occurrence of the various kinds of problems and harassments, which were being created for policewomen in their workplace. The areas that were also looked into by the Women Police Association, mainly included places of public interest like the dance halls, movies, arcades, shopping malls and all other places of recreational interest for women and children which could also turn out to be problem spots. It can very well be said that it is this Women Police Association, which has really become a force to reckon with and has straight away empowered the women police officers in the law enforcement department. (www.bookrags.com) In fact women and more particularly the police women have always felt very insecure, without such an Association and this could have in turn drastically affected their freedom and their rights in the society and at their workplace. Hence it can be said that, the formation of the Women Police Association has been a blessing for the police women. The women Police Association has grown so much in strength all across the world that, it today has got so many branches across the world. The present Women Police Associations across the world is present in approximately 14 regions. This can be very well attributed to the fact that, most of the governments all across the world have found it important to form such an association, that would be entrusted with the duty of safeguarding the rights of the policewomen at their workplaces, which would enable them to rightly enforce crime detection and prevention activities. (www.bookrags.com) But with the increasing concern regarding the safety and security of the women and children across many countries, there is certainly scope for growth for more such women police force and their respective Women Police Associations. Thus due to the Women Police Association’s efficiency in prevention of harassments against police women, the association has grown tremendously in strength during the recent years. As a part of the annual activities this Association conducts training programs as well as conferences which

Peace Building and Community Development Essay Example for Free

Peace Building and Community Development Essay Community development is a multi-faceted activity that has different ends. It also has different requirements depending on the needs of people inside the community. Development can be achieved through sustaining small and medium businesses, ensuring education for all, managing inclusion and diversity, keeping peace and order, and creating comprehensive disaster management. Through these, a community can be sustainable. Peace and order is an important aspect of community development. Without peace and order, it is impossible to unite the members of the community and enforce other sustainability projects. It will also be difficult for the community to prosper if chaos is widespread. Businesses will perish and investors will be elusive. This shows that peace building is important for a community. According to Maiese (2003), the United Nations defined peace building as an interplay of â€Å"capacity building, reconciliation, and societal transformation†. For other organizations, the short-term goals are more evident—peace building revolves around promoting peace in an immediate situation. In hindsight, despite the contradiction, both definitions are true. They also help create the whole concept of peace building for communities. Peace building can concentrate on resolving current issues between constituents. It involves moderating by authorities or other members of the community to maintain understanding between parties. On the other hand, it is also creating a society where the constituents are educated and transformed so that they do not only know peace but also lives peace. In these terms, education plays an integral role. This creates a community which is not only dependent on intermediaries but with self-regulation of peace as well. In the end, a community filled with peace-loving citizens is a community where peace has been built.

The Luminescence Of Black Light :: essays research papers

The Luminescence of Black Light Black Light. What is it? It is a portion of the Ultra-Violet Spectrum that is invisible to our eyes. We can not distinguish it. However, when this radiation impinges on certain materials visible light is emitted and this is known as "fluorescence." Fluorescence is visible to the human eye, in that it makes an object appear to "glow in the dark." There are several sources of ultra-violet light. These sources are: the sun, carbon arcs, mercury arcs, and black lights. In most cases, the production of ultra-violet light creates a reasonable amount of heat. Many materials exhibit the peculiar characteristic of giving off light or radiant energy when ultra-violet light is allowed to fall upon them. This is called luminescence. In most cases, the wave length of the light radiated is longer than that of the ultra-violet excitation but a few exceptions have been found. The quantum theory attempts to explain this property by contending that a certain outside excitation causes an electron to jump from one orbit to another. It is then in an unstable environment causing it to fall back into its original orbit. This process releases energy, and if it is in the visible part of the spectrum, we have a transient light phenomenon. Ultra-violet light is an exciting agent which causes luminescence to occur. There are many materials which exhibit fluorescent characteristics. Many of which are even organic. Teeth, eyes, some portions of the skin, and even blood exhibit fluorescent qualities. Naturally occurring minerals such as: agate, calcite, chalcedony, curtisite, fluorite, gypsum, hackmanite, halite, opal scheelite, and willemite, also have similar characteristics. These materials can be used in industries. The radiance of ultraviolet light is measured in units called "Angstrom." The intensity of ultraviolet fluorescence is the greatest between the 5000 and 6000 range. This being the range between the green and yellow hues. Ultra violet light is not readily visible. It is not visible because certain materials reflect it. Ultra-violet light is made visible due to the fact that it causes a reaction at the atomic level. When it strikes the atom, some of the electrons are sent into other orbits.

Noonan Syndrome

Noonan Syndrome Nicole Mitchell Dr. Hendricks Principles of Biology 1114 April 19, 2013 Mostly everyone in the world has heard of some type of genetic disorder. But most people haven’t even heard or understand about Noonan Syndrome. Noonan syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by distinctive facial features, developmental delay, learning difficulties, short stature, congenital heart disease, renal anomalies, and bleeding difficulties. Noonan syndrome affects a good percent of the world and may happen to anyone. Noonan syndrome has many key symptoms and very few certain treatment options.Noonan syndrome used to be referred to as the male version of Turner's syndrome (and is still sometimes described in this way); however, the genetic causes of Noonan syndrome and Turner syndrome are distinct. The principal features of Noonan disorder include congenital heart defect (typically pulmonary valve stenosis) also ASD, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, short stature, learning problem s, pectus excavatum, impaired blood clotting, and a characteristic configuration of facial features including a webbed neck and a flat nose bridge.The syndrome is named after Dr. Jacqueline Noonan. Mutations that cause Noonan syndrome alter genes encoding proteins with roles in the RAS-MAPK pathway, leading to pathway deregulation. Noonan syndrome is a relatively common genetic disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 1000 to 1 in 2500 births. If someone knows enough about this disorder, they may be able to spot them out. However, people who have Noonan syndrome have problems not only on the outside but mainly on the inside. Noonan patients have to battle a lot mainly when it comes to their heart.Cardiomyopathy is more than fifty percent of the problem and the main reason of death. To explain for a moment, Cardiomyopathy can cause heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Not only do they have to worry about cardiomyopathy, they have atrial septal defect (ASD). ASD only appears i n ten percent or less of Noonan patients and may be so small it will not affect the patient to an extreme level. To elaborate, ASD allows oxygen to get to the tissues, organs, and to each side of the heart. Not only does Noonan disorder have problems in the cardio area, but also in the gastrointestinal system.Infants up to adults may have problems with their appetite, digestive issues, forceful vomiting, and difficulties swallowing. Considering normal people eat through their mouth, it can be very hard or unpleasant for a child with Noonan syndrome to eat and not only eat but to keep it down. Another big issue with Noonan patients are they tend to have a hematologic symptoms like easy bruising, blood clotting disorders, and partial deficiency of Factor VIII:C, XI:C, and XII:C. Not only do I feel bad for the patient themselves, but whoever has to take care of them.Since no one has x-ray vision except for Superman, it comes in handy to know the external signs of Noonan Syndrome. Noona n syndrome sounds like a few disorders combined. Their body stature and posture is very unmannered. They normally have a short stature, cervical neck or spine, scoliosis, a depression or outward breast bone, and a very low muscle tone. Their head usually has excess skin on the back of the neck, a low hairline in the back and high hair line in the front. Their heads are usually large and triangular shaped. They have a short and/or webbed neck.Their eyes are unusually very wide and their eyelids droop excess fully. Over ninety percent has low set ears, backward rotated ears, thick outer rim of the ear and sometimes incomplete ear folds. They have a deeply grooved top lip line and their fingers are bluntly ended, sometimes extra padded (on toes as well), and may have poor tongue control. Sometimes we do not even notice most of these body parts, but now that people know they often look. Treatment of the symptoms and complications that occur with Noonan syndrome depends on their type and severity.Many of the health and physical issues associated with this syndrome are treated just the way they are in the general population. The heart will be treated with certain drugs and surgery may be necessary. Since there are no many different factors with Noonan syndrome children are checked multiple times a year. Family doctors or the doctors of the parents choosing focus on the blood chemistry, thyroid function, bone growth and hormone levels. If a child's growth hormone levels are insufficient, growth hormone therapy may be a treatment option.For the other factors like learning disabilities, vision care, and etc. , they are treated like every other special child and normal child. If the child does, and most likely will, have a learning disability then if caught early on doctors can find certain centers that teach on speech and the learning process. When you look up or study these genetic disorders, you learn that most of them are really not so rare. I have heard about Noona n Syndrome before but I never knew how common it was. I only learned that it is a very unique disorder and sounds very much like Turner’s syndrome.It makes me sad to believe that parents have to suffer so much through all of these treatments and never knowing really what they can do. They may wake up one morning and their child has gone into cardiac arrest. It’s a sad disorder and there is no treatment for the Noonan syndrome itself, but only what they can do for anyone else. Not saying that the medicine today is not good enough, but maybe not fast enough or efficient enough for a child or adult who has so many more problems to deal with. I can only imagine that they person will be required to take a minimum of fifteen pills a day depending on how many symptoms they have.Noonan syndrome is a terrible genetic disorder that affects both the inside and outside of every patient. It is a roller coaster ride of a life and never know what will or may happen once the child or adult falls asleep. It is common everywhere in the world and happens between one thousand and two thousand five hundred children a year. Even though it is very similar to Turners Syndrome, this happens in both males and females. Most children with the disorder look alike and have most of the same symptoms. It is unlikely to have other symptoms, but with this genetic disorder anything is possible.Signs or symptoms increase all of the time and there is no set guideline for the things that may occur. Work Citied Romano, A. , MDA, and Allanson, J. , MDb. â€Å"Noonan Syndrome: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management Guidelines. † Google Scholar. 27 September , 2010. Pediatrics Vol. 126 No. 4 p. 746 -759. Web. 12 April , 2013. http://pediatrics. aappublications. org/content/126/4/746. full. Lisbona, P. and Moreno, M. â€Å"Noonan Syndrome† Google Scholar. March 2009 vol. 18 no. 3 p. 267-269. Web. 09 April, 2013. http://lup. sagepub. com/content/18/3/267. abstract. Pedi atr, C. Noonan Syndrome: An Update and Review for the Primary Pediatrician. † Google Scholar. September 1994 33:p. 548-555. Web. 12 April, 2013. http://cpj. sagepub. com/content/33/9/548. full. pdf+html Connor, W. and Noonan J. â€Å"Noonan syndrome: A clinical description emphasizing the cardiac findings. † Wiley Online Library. 19 JAN 2011. Japan Pediatric Society. Web. 10 April, 2013. http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1442-200X. 1996. tb03443. x/abstract. Baraitser, M. and Patton, M. â€Å"A Noonan-like short stature syndrome with sparse hair. † Journal of Medical Genetics. 23:2. Web. 08 April, 2013.

Qualitative Study of Reasons for (Non) Participation in Physical Recreation Essay

The objective of this qualitative study is to investigate and compare the responses of single and married women that do not participate in physical recreation. Lack of physical activity from married and single women has been studied less extensively than men’s physical activity. (Vehoef, Love & Rose 2003) The issue of non-participation in physical activity can affect the quality of life and health of women globally. It is important to address this issue and understand why some women do not participate in leisure activities. The qualitative research in this report discusses the major themes or reasons for non-participation from women and compares these themes between married and single women. Firstly this report will give a brief review of some previous research in this field mainly the reasons for not participating in physical activity. Secondly this report will give a short description of the research method used to gather the data for the quantitative research and thirdly it will discuss and describe the major reason for the non-participation in physical recreation of married and single women. Part 1b) Literature Review There has been some research on the topic of non-participation of women in physical recreation. Married women have less time to participate in physical activity due to work are childbearing responsibilities. (Nomaguchi & Bianchi 2004) These days there are a lot more women working full time. Furthermore these women are working longer hours per day. (Nomaguchi & Bianchi 2004) With longer working days women are spending less time doing recreational activity. Women are not motivated to spend their only free time exercising a lot would much prefer to relax and forget about work. Work and study along with other issues like family responsibilities are the main reasons that some married and single women are not involved in physical activity. (Erickson & Gillespie 2000) One of the main reason for non-participation for married women is family and their role in the family. (Nomaguchi & Bianchi 2004) The majority of married women are working full time and caring for children. (Nomaguchi & Bianchi 2004) Having a full time job and being a mother takes up a very large amount of time in ones day. After finishing a long work day and then tending to the needs of children such as transportation and hunger it does not leave very much time for a woman to exercise. A busy schedule like this can be very mentally tiring and motivation to perform physical activity can decrease. Research shows that after all her work and family responsibilities are finished it is usually too late to start to exercise or they are simply too exhausted. This can affect the health and quality of life for a woman. (Nomaguchi & Bianchi 2004) Single women have issues finding time to participate in physical activity. They may not have kids to look after in some cases but work and study issues can limit their time for exercise. Middle aged single women are slightly more active than married women the same age but the overall participation rate is small. (Vehoef, Love & Rose 2003) This small participation rate of married and single women is a concern for society with health issues such as obesity and depression increasing. Part 2) Research Methods The research methods used in this study were In-depth interviews. A number of interview were conducted with married and single women. In-depth interviews are primarily used when the number of subjects is rather small. The advantage of using a in-depth interview in a quantitative study is that it is an unstructured process that allows the interviewer to gain more depth of answers when compared to a questionnaire. The informal structure gives the freedom of the interviewer to change the direction of the interview and engage with the interviewee much more personally, this allows more extensive and detailed data. (Kwek 2011) It is important when conducting a in-depth interview to not lead the interviewee but to probe them for more information. The person conducting the interview must not agree with of disagree with the interviewee this is vital so the interviewee does not feel induced into to answering a question in a certain way. The interviewer must use more open questions to gain more in-depth information from the interviewee and then confirm this in-depth by using closed questions to ensure the data being collected is on track. The open, axial and reflective coding method was used to analyse the data. Open coding is the first coding method used in analysing the in-depth interview data. Open coding helps to make sense of the process and identify the root of the issue. The interviews were evenly split between married and single women. Some of the issues for married women in the open coding stage were things such as; * Age – feeling too old * Body image – being embarrassed by their body * Housework – having to cook and cleaning the house. * Kids – transporting and caring for children * Work – working long hours and irregular hours * No motivation – finding it hard to feel motivated to exercise * No friends to exercise with – not having a partner or group to exercise with * Poor knowledge of physical activities – not knowing the best methods to participate in physical activity * Low energy levels – feeling exhausted * No time – having no spare time to partake in regular physical recreation Some of the issues for single women were; * No time. * Lack of funds – not having the money to be able to pay for and travel to physical activities of their interest * No friends to exercise with – not having a partner or group to exercise with * Low energy levels – feeling exhausted * Poor location of facilities – not having the transport options available to get to recreation facilities * Poor knowledge of physical activities – not knowing the best methods to participate in physical activity * Other social activities – wanting to spend time socialising with friends going to the movies or eating together. For the axial coding stage the data was analysed to find a more whole view of the issues for non-participation of married and single women. Axial coding minimalises the number of statements made by the interviewees and identifies the more common themes. Common themes for married women in the axial coding stage were; * Family and housework * No energy and poor body image * No motivation due to lack of friends to exercise with and poor knowledge * No time due to work Common themes for single women in the axial coding stage were; * Money * No time due to work and study commitments * No motivation due to lack of friends to exercise with and poor knowledge * Relaxation and socialising. At this stage of the coding process some common themes are visible for both married and single women. The majority of married and single women stated that time commitments was a major issues for not exercising. The reasons for the lack of time may vary from the married to the single women. This takes us into the third stage of the coding process, reflective coding. Reflective coding aims to seek any inter-relationship that may exist in the major themes. (Kwek 2011) This stage of the coding process paints an overall picture of the data collected and the major themes. The main themes in this research for married women are; * Lack of time * Family commitment * Lack of motivation Due to family and work commitments married women in this study seem to have insufficient time to participate in physical activity. The main themes in this research for single women are; * Lack of time * Lack of motivation * Lack of funds Like married women most single women in this study believe they do not have enough time to regularly partake in physical activity. A lack of motivation is also a common theme amongst married and single women. Single women in this interview process also claim that a lack of sufficient funding to engage in physical recreation is a big factor in their non-participation. Part 3) Discussion of Findings It is important to note that all the interviewees are non-participant in physical exercise. The reason for this study is to find out why these ladies are not exercising on a regular basis. The main issue that this qualitative research has found is time. Examination of the respondents both the married and single felt that lack of time is the main reason for the not to doing physical activity on a regular basis. There are some similar themes for both married and single women in relation to time constraints. One reason for lack of time that is evident in both groups is work or study commitments. For example, one respondent (Worker) noted that â€Å"I work five days a week and I have three children to look after so there isn’t usually much time left over for myself†. One single woman stated that â€Å"If I had more time I would be much more likely to do something active† (Kylie) It is clear here that both married and single women if they had more time would be more inclined to participate in physical activity. Another common reason for non-participation is lack of motivation. The majority of married and single women in this study feel no motivation to exercise. One similar reason for married and single women to hove low motivation is the lack of company to perform the physical activity with. Jane a married woman claims that she would be â€Å"more inclined to go if someone came with me, it would keep me motivated† Kylie a single woman also states that she would be â€Å"more inclined to do something like that if I had someone to go with†. Sheree feels the same, â€Å"I feel if I work less hours I would feel less exhausted and therefore more motivated to exercise† Working less and having a friend or friends to exercise with are big factors in motivating both married and single women to engage in physical activity on a regular basis. Married women in this study believe that their family commitments are a large contributing factor for them not to participate in physical activity. Most married women in this research both worked and had children. With work and family comes a very busy life in which women are finding it hard to find time to exercise. â€Å"When I had my first child my priorities changed from looking after myself to looking after my family† This from Shazza who now is more interested in looking after the needs of her family than looking after her own health and quality of life. Married women with kids have a hard time to allocate any time to exercise because family is a full time job. What little time they do get they often would rather spend it with their husbands or just relaxing in general â€Å"my weekends are made up of transporting my kids to sport, spending time with my husband and doing work around the house†. (Shazza) Single women in this qualitative study are shown to have issues with money in relation to the funding of physical activities. It is hard to find an activity that is fun and motivating without having to pay something. Even walking will cost a participant in the form of correct shoes. A Large portion of the single women that were interviewed for this study claim that they do not have enough money or cannot justify spending a large amount of money on physical activity. â€Å"Joining a gym is so expensive these days and sometime I can’t justify paying that much†. (Kylie) It is easy to understand that Kat who is aged only eighteen has not enough money to invest in her physical recreation. Eighteen is such a young age where a girl is trying to find her feel and begin a independent life away from school and possible family. Although some of the time constraint and motivational reasons for non-participation are similar between married and single women it is also apparent that other issues such as family and funding can be found for both married and single women but generally in the bulk of cases family was an issue for married woman and funding was an issue for single woman. It is important to understand that the major issues discussed can be related and compound one another. Part 4) Conclusion In summary the research suggests that the major reasons for single and married women involved in this study are time and motivation. The vast majority of all the women interviewed found that motivation and time constraints were the biggest issues stopping them from being involved in physical activity on a regular basis. A number of respondents specifically noted that if they had more spare time they would in fact be involved in exercise of some description. Another stand out problem for married women was family commitments. Looking after a family took up a lot of the interviewees time and drained them of motivation linking the issues together. It is similar for the single women that also had lack of financing as a stumbling block to physical activity. Not having enough money deprives the respondent of motivation to regularly exercise. Although the major issues are very similar for both married and single women it is the finer details that make them different. For more women to begin and continue to partake in regular physical activity there needs to be some change in society. This research shows that women need more time and motivation for this to become a reality. One way to gain more time for future women would be to reduce the hours of a normal working week. Another would be to introduce some government funded recreational activities targeting women in their communities. It is important that more research is done in this field to further understand these major issues and work towards an increase in exercise from all women. Part 5) Reference List Erickson, J. & Gillespie, C. (2000) Reasons women discontinued participation in an exercise and wellness program. The physical educator, 57 (1), 2-7. Retrieved from Google Scholar Kwek, A. (2011). 1002HSL Week 4 Lecture: Qualitative research methods. Retrieved from Griffith University, Department of Tourism, Leisure, Hotel & Sport Management, Learning@Griffith Website. Nomaguchi, K. & Bianchi, S. (2004) Exercise time: Gender differences in the effects of marriage, parenthood, and employment. Journal of marriage and family, 66, 413-430. Retrieved from ABI/Inform Global. Verhoef, M. , Love, E. & Rose, S. (2003) Women’s social rules and their exercise participation. Women & Health, 19 (4), 15-29. Retrieved from ABI/Inform Global.

Structural Family Therapy Essays

Structural Family Therapy Essays Structural Family Therapy Essay Structural Family Therapy Essay Institution Structural Family Therapy Name Instructors Name Course Number 31, May 2014 Abstract This research paper discusses Structural Family Therapy in relation to its development, tenets, application, and comparison to other methods. It was established that Munich was at the forefront of developing the approach due to the realization that human problems cannot be solved individualistically. Instead, they should be solved in the context of family structure since it affects behavior profoundly. Some of the critical tenets of SIFT included the family and the presentation of the problems as an issue of he system rather than the affected party. In regard to the process of application, it was noted that a family does not need to meet given requirement in order to enable the application of SIFT. Identification and Overview of the Approach Development of Structural Approach Components of SET Family Problem Presentation Process of Therapeutic Change Application of the Approach during Family Therapy Similarities, Differences and New Lessons Learnt Identification and Overview of the Approach Structural Family Therapy (SET) is found as a model of family treatment that s based on systematic theories conceived by Salvador Munich with the help of other psychologists at the Child Guidance Clinic of Philadelphia (Carr, 2000). In essence, the approach is found on the premises that effective therapy is fostered by the change of structure within the family setting. It stipulates that the treatment process must focus on the details Of personal change so that individuals restructure to attain a healthy pattern of relations. It seeks to address the afflictions experienced in the functioning of the family by helping the members to understand the informally stipulated rules that over its relationships and roles. This implies that the essence of family therapy does not rest on the individual prospects, but the ideologies of the family system in entirety. One of the most crucial aspects of SET is the fact that therapist, in their attempt to bring positive change, integrate with the family, become temporal members, and start learning the ways of the system in order to transform it (Dallas Draper, 2010). Development of Structural Approach In essence, the conception of SIFT was necessitated by the need to provide a ay of treating family problems based on the system rather than using individualistic approaches. The history of this approach dates back to 1 960 when the Munich conducted therapy in one of the schools in New York known as Williwaw (Dilatation Jonas, 2010). Whereas the conception of this approach cannot be necessarily situated at that point, its development is attributed strongly to the Munchkins effort to establish it in this school. In other words, his application of the approach in Wilt. Yuck School is considered as a critical undertaking that catcalled the entire development Of SIFT. In this regard, the boys from Willingly School originated from disorganized families that had multiple problems occasioned by poverty. The psychologist noted that the society relied on psychotherapeutic methods that required verbal articulations and targeted the middle class. As a result, the techniques resulted to very negligible transformational impacts on the students. In fact, it was discovered that most of the students lost the insight once they returned home (Doherty McDaniel, 2010). Consequently, it called for psychologists to develop alternative approaches for the counseling. Munich started developing the method by seeking to change transform families into therapeutic entities. The focus shifted from the individualistic perspective to the use of techniques that manipulate family Structures when solving delinquency problems (Gerhardt, 2012). Having focused on the problem as a family matter, Munich developed techniques that were suitable for the diagnosis of poor socioeconomic families in the community (Donahue Czarina, 2012). This diverted the attention of psychologists from the common individualistic approach to the use of the family system. At this point, Munich helped to create concepts that formed the foundation of a model that was exposed after one decade. Since the model was used on a fairly small population, Munich and his colleagues decided to test its validity by using a bigger cross-sectional population. After the test, the results evoked critical connotations between the perspectives of Munich and Haley. The two authors differed essentially, but their controversies formed the basis of improving their respective models of counseling. Having applied the approach to the boys at Willowy School successfully, one Of the clinical enters in Philadelphia invited Munich to their premises in order to help youthful diabetic children. It was noted that the children had inbuilt problems that did not have medical explanations (Gerhardt, 2012). In addition, it was established that those problems did not respond to classical personal treatments. Munich collected and analyzed medical data from the clinical facility to determine the cause of these unexplainable problems. Along with his colleagues, he established that there was a close connection between the psychological afflictions and the family characteristics. It was established that most of these children came from families that exhibited similar characteristics, including extreme protectiveness, conservativeness of behaviors, and lack of conflict resolution among other critical features. Having succeeded in the diagnosis of these patients, Munich pushed for the creation of clear stipulations that could increase the flexibility of families in light of their undertakings and resolution of family conflicts. This triggered the establishment of the Philadelphia Training Center, in 1970, where Munich educated therapists about the ideologies of SIFT. In 1972, Munich developed and published a systematic stipulation of SIFT that contained distinct theories and concepts. The formulation was based on the concept of helping a family to develop from One level into another (Simi, 2010). It was focused on the realignment of family relationships so that the family could maximize its potential holistically rather than transforming the individual members. Components of SIFT Among the various tenets of this approach, family is the most critical aspects that define the essence of this model of counseling. It is defined as living pen system where the components are independent of each other, but they are governed by unformulated ruled to maintain patterns of relationships. In essence, those set of rules that govern these relationships make up the structure (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). The family is subject to essential influences from the external aspects so that its structure is not only shaped by the members, but also the environment within which it lives (Rivet, 2010). This implies that the family rules can be conceived by the member or enforced by the culture of the people surrounding it. In addition, the family is transformational entity because the mentioned rules keep on changing continuously according to the negotiations that take place. These rules change naturally to coincide with the broad life circles and become more effective in relation to the system. The change is considered as the tool of re- accommodating the arising circumstances in the environment and adapt to them (German, 2010). For example, if one of the family members is incapacitated, then the rest should come up with ways of tackling his or her roles to avoid any gaps in the family. However, in some instances, the moon setting of continuous change and readjustment can be halted. In this case, a family can refute responding to some circumstances occasioned by the internal and external environment (Lowe, 2004). Problem Presentation The other critical tenet of SIFT is the presentation of the problem and the way in which it is viewed by the psychologists (Rumba, 2010). In this regard, it is evident that the problem is considered as part of the family structure rather than an issue of the individual. This implies that, when answering the question of whether a child is disciplined or not, one must consider the Truckee of the family before making a decision. Further, it means that the actions of indiscipline must be put into context with the underlying ideologies, rules, and beliefs of the family system. For example, it must be established whether the child is more undisciplined towards the mother or a father. In addition, the therapist could establish when the child turns aggressive in order to understand the circumstances that trigger the actions of indiscipline (Myrrh Whims, 2012). Importantly, it is critical when determining how other members of the family respond to the aggressiveness in order to measure he extent to which reactions accelerate of reduce the rate of misbehaver. In regard to this model, the issues raised by the patients are viewed as critical components of the family system so that the solution can originate from the structure Only (Wine, 2010). In essence, the restructuring involves the changing of relative positions of the family members. The process calls for the redefinition of critical relations in relation to the hierarchical and coalition interactions (Nichols Schwartz, 2005). This implies that the therapeutic change facilitates transformation of sustained patterns comprising of the robber. Since SIFT requires the therapists to act as a member of the family, they have the capability to request different behaviors and change the perceptions. By influencing the behaviors and perceptions, the therapist is cap blew of changing the interaction of the family embracements to coincide with the prevailing environmental conditions (Rumba, 2013). Application of the Approach during Family Therapy In the light of the application of this approach, it is important to understand that the model is not a mere collection of techniques applied to the problem. Instead, it is a practical and systematic model based on the premises that problems can be conceptualized and diagnosed in the context of their relationships (Pock, 2010). Further, the application must be based on the fact that the family is an existing entity that has a past and future. These two aspects influence the behaviors, beliefs, and ideologies of the family members. In essence, there are no particular specifications that the problem should envisage in order to apply SET. Whereas it is unthinkable that that the model cannot be applied in some situations, it is critically important to notice hat some situations impede the effectiveness of the approach (Wine, 2010). For example, if a child is hospitalized for diagnosis, it is difficult to trigger the change of the family structure. This implies that the efforts to change the family structure are essentially ineffective due to the separation Of the child from the members whose relationships should be changed (Lange, 2010). While considering psychoanalytical approach, it was noted that the two methods focus on the rules and relationships of the family in light of interacting with each other. However, it was noted that diagnosis is not based n changing the structure of the family.

10 High Paying Jobs Where You Can Help People

10 High Paying Jobs Where You Can Help People Want to help people, but still afford the life you want? It doesn’t have to be all or nothing. It is possible to wake up in the morning, go to work knowing you believe in what you do, and make a livable wage. Here are 10  options that allow you to help people, make a difference in the world, and also make good money.1. Nonprofit Executive DirectorYou’ll have to work your way up from a lower rung (unless you have qualifications and skills from another sector that can transition to this executive role), but it can be worth the work. It’s hard to keep a company running with nothing but grants and donations, but the rewards are high. Median annual pay: over $55k.2. Registered Occupational TherapistYou’ll need an M.A. and to pass a licensing exam, but then your job will consist with helping people recover from injuries, which can be incredibly gratifying. Median annual pay: nearly $70k.3. Development DirectorAgain, look toward the non-profit sector. On your w ay to the executive rung, you could be in charge of securing the funds that keep your nonprofit running. You’ll need a B.A. and some background or passion for the relevant field, plus management skills. Median annual pay: $59k.4. Foundation Program OfficerYou’ll need a B.A., but it can be very meaningful to help decide which proposals or programs get funds from a foundation. If you have good decision-making skills and a desire to make a difference, this could be great for you. Median annual pay: nearly $59k.5. Clinical Lab ScientistYou’ll need a Bachelor’s degree, plus licensing, and sometimes even graduate work. But after your initial work, you will be part of a team  helping doctors to identify cancerous cells or the root of diseases or infections. Median annual pay: over $76k.6. Grants ManagerHelp bring in money for a foundation or nonprofit. Choose the best grants to go after, make the proposals, and then make sure your organization complies with th e requirements. A B.A. is likely required. Median annual pay: nearly $53k.7. Registered NurseRegistered nurses need academic certification, which differs by program, and licensure, but they make some of the most meaningful difference in patients’ lives. Median annual pay: $57.5k8. Intelligence AnalystYou’ll definitely need a Bachelor’s degree, and possibly even foreign language experience, but this is absolutely an amazing job. Work to make the world safer! Median annual pay: nearly $73k.9. Education AdministratorIf you don’t  want to teach, but have great ideas and want to further the field of education, this is a gig to consider. Median annual pay: nearly $76k.10. Health Services ManagerDon’t want to be a doctor, but want to further health and the medical profession and really help people when they need it most? This could be a great opportunity for you. Median annual pay: $70.5k

Benjamin Franklin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benjamin Franklin - Research Paper Example Firstly, it is important to understand how much Franklin embodies American ideals, especially modern American ideals – he probably helped shape them. Unlike most of the founding fathers, Franklin did not emerge from wealthy landed classes but rather had the working class background. His father was a simple candle maker, a working class but relatively successful profession, and his mother was only one generation removed from a history of indentured servitude He did not inherit a great deal of wealth, but rather had to work his own way to prominence, eventually becoming a successful newspaper editor in Philadelphia, and the president of Pennsylvania. America has long been proud of its lack of a monarchy or aristocracy, and many Americans value their independence and individuality and respect those who build their own legacies more than those who inherit them (Isaacson 2003). Benjamin Franklin is thus one of the founders of the American ideal of humanity, as he embodies this indi vidualist, self-made ideas exactly, unlike many of the other founding fathers who were born, quite literally to a silver spoon, plantations, and fields of slaves. I would argue that not only did he embody the American spirit, but the enormous respect for his intellect and nature helped shape the American identity, so it is not coincidental that he embodies it, as he helped to found it. Beyond embodying the American spirit, even the modern American spirit, very well, Franklin was also the true definition of a renaissance man. He is possibly most famous for his experimentation with the study of electricity, mythologized in the famous tale of the kite and the key (), and his eventual invention of the lightning rod. Beyond his scientific pursuits in that vein, he also invented many things that are still used to this day – he invented the odometer, to measure the distance a carriage had traveled, bifocal glasses, new types of stoves, and a glass armonica (Smith 2012). These inventions are impressive – people still wear bifocal glasses to this day, and the basic principles of his odometer are the same as those used in vehicles today. However, what is possibly most impressive about Franklin is that these inventions did not define his life, as they would of lesser men, but only served as a background to his most influential accomplishments: his role in the c reation and

U.S History 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

U.S History 1 - Essay Example In a program Jackson and his democrats worked strong in order to get rid of National Bank of the United States and Protective tariff but the Whigs were in all favour of both of them. The difference in the policies of these two parties can be clearly determined by those whom the two political parties favour or support. The Jacksonian Democrats mainly represent the common man or the lower class people and their policies and programs were made in support that anyone can hold a position in the government. However, The Whigs were in favour of the nationalists and industrialists and their policies and programs were made keeping these classes of people in mind. One of the important opposing factors between these two parties was revolving around their idea of expansion. The Democrats were in the mind-set the expansion could be faster if there is more farming land, which would gain more potential profit whereas The Whigs were in the argument that this expansion is unnecessary. The difference between these two parties basically came from the differences that they have in their support program. The domestic goals of The Whigs show that they were in support of Congress over presidency. They also favoured the program of economic protectionism and modernization. However, the Jacksonian Democrats were worried a bout this modernization (Williams, 2006). They were under the impression that the economy of modern market manipulation would lead to aristocracy, which the common people cannot afford since their belief is that majority of the population in the society consists of people who earn their living by farming. They used to believe that the government should help theses common people and encourage them to expand the American economy and culture. But the Democratic Republicans created an American System that made tariffs that protect the

Home Visit with Sallie Mae Fisher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Home Visit with Sallie Mae Fisher - Essay Example This paper will begin with such dialogue: Nurse: Good Morning, Salle Mae, my name is Jayden Kings and I will be your nurse today. From your history, I can see that you have a history of congestive heart failure, hypertension, and arterial fibrillation. What are the difficulties you are experiencing currently? Sallie Mae: Â  Pleasure to meet you, Jayden Kings. My name is Salle Mae. Currently, I am experiencing a decline in function of daily activities. Nurse: Â  The decline in function of daily activities is because of the acute medication condition at your age. It is common for older patients to experience such changes on their functional status after hospitalization. Do you check your weight? Sallie Mae: yes, I check my weight and I have discovered that I have been gaining weight at a very high rate. Nurse: weight gain is an indication that the body is retaining extra fluid, which is common in patients with congestive heart failure. However, you have to be strict with your diet or monitor your diet closely and ensure that you eliminate salt to prevent the body from retaining too much water. Whom do you live with? Sallie Mae: Â  I live alone since I am recently widowed and the death of my husband affects me so much. My daughter Thelma Jean lives in town, but she works full time and has family issues of her own therefore she cannot support me as well. Nurse: I am sorry for your loss Sallie. I now understand your frequent hospitalization for the past six months since you were hospitalized four times.

Oral Communication Grammar Mistakes

Oral Communication Grammar Mistakes One of the most common problems during the oral communication is that people dont know grammar rules and how to use them properly. There are people who know a lot of words, but when they want to make a sentence they arent able to do it because they lack knowledge of grammar. There are also a few more problems that affect normal communication that will be mentioned in this paper. This study will deal with problem of people making so many mistakes during oral communication, and with possible resolution of that problem. Key words: oral communication, grammar, mistakes 1. INTRODUCTION Good communication is very important. It is important in terms of the individuals success personally, in their personal relationships, and it is important for their professional succes. In most cases employers are looking for employees who posses good communication skills, and by that, they want them to be able to read and write effectively, to be able to orally communicate with others effectively, to participate in teams. Effective communication skills are one of the major predictors of upward mobility in the organization, that is, people who have good communication skills are more likely to get promoted, to get raises, to end up getting positions that they want. People with good communication skills are not only more effective in informing others and persuading others, theyre also more effective at getting support from others and acquiring information from others, theyre acquiring emotional support from others and getting others to believe in them and what theyre doing. These skill s are extremely important in any aspect of professional life. In the personal sector, good communication skills matter so much in terms of the quality of family relationships, the relationship with close partners. Good communication is part of being a good parent, communicating effectively with your child, with your neighbors, and with others in your community. 2. COMMUNICATION Proper definition of communication could be that it is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals,writing, or behaviour. Oral communication is purposeful presentation designed to increace knowledge, to foster understanding, or to promote change in the liseners attitudes, values, beliefs and behaviours. Communication requires a sender, a message, and a receiver, although the receiver doesnt need to be present or aware of the senders intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender. Good communication can be considered as creative activity which takes different forms depending from many factors, including the characteristics of the communicator (perception of self, attitude towards language learning, the level of self expectation in language use, perception of others), the process of making the meaning and responding(linguistic components the purpose of interaction) and the context in which the interaction happens. Scientist Lynn Harter said about communication: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Communication is an integral part of a liber al studies education because what communication helps students to focus on how they use symbolic resources at hand to create and maintain relationships, to participate as a citizen in the public sphere, whether thats attending a city council meeting and exercising their voice about a local initiative or petition. Or maybe its being involved on a board of directors for a local non-profit organization and being the person whos responsible for communicating with various stakeholders of that organization.  [1]   Types of oral communication are: Intrapersonal communication This kind of communication refers to a conversation that people hold with themself in some situations-for example, when a person needs to make an important decision. This kind of communication can be considered as the process of thinking. Interpersonal communication This kind of communication occurs between several people. Interpersonal communication can occur face to face and also through electronic channels like video-conferencing, chat rooms, e-mail,twitter. Small group communication This type of communication occurs in a small group of people. Small group communication helps people to interact with others. On this way peopleteach to exchange ideas,solve problems and share experiences with each other. Public communication or public speaking This typeof communication occurs between a speaker and an audience. Public speaking serves for the speaker to give important informations to audience. It is impotant to have effective public speaking so that the speaker can influence his audience when he communicates with them. Mass communication This type of oral communication is sent out from a source to many receivers all aroun the world. It occurs through media, through internet and blogs. Corporate communication This type of communication occurs between members of an organisation, within that organisation. Good corporate communication has a positive impact on morale, commitment and productivity in corporations. Intercultural communication Intercultural communication can be defined as communication between people of different cultures and ethnicity. The world is increasingly becoming a global village and every country has people of various ethnicities. Thus, it is important to note differences in the communication practices of different cultures if intercultural harmony and understanding is to be maintained. 3. BUSINESS COMMUNICATION To the success of any organization despite its size, geographical location, good business communication is extremely important. Business communication is linked with the internal culture and external image of any organization. This type of communication determines what is communicated, by whom and at what level. Effective communication can help the organization in achieving its goal by informing, persuading and building good will within both the internal environment and the external environment. Communication, internal and external, takes place in a nonverbal and verbal manner: through gestures, expressions, meetings and through listening,speaking and writing. Global environment is quickly changing and if organizations want to survive and prosper they need to change constanttly their way communication process are formed and delivered. Good communication skills can be helpful to peoplein their careers in various ways: It can build selfconfidence, make useful contracts, enable you to help and lead others. Most successful people recognize that communication was vital to their job success.Most of them said that communication skills were more important than the major subject they had studied in college. By improving communication one can help not only himself but the entire organization. That is because as an employee one forms a link in the organizations information chain. Peoples ability to receive, evaluate, use and pass on information gathered from inside and outside the organization affects your companys effectiveness. Managers rely on such information from their employees to take suitable and necessary action. By keeping employees informed about the happenings , by involving them in decision-making, and getting feedback from them regarding their opinions, attitudes and suggestions, managers can raise employee morale. As a result, employees are more willing to assume responsibility and support managements efforts. Communication scholar said: There are three things that I believe are very important to communicating in organizations. The first thing I would say is be aware of the context. If you dont understand the context, you dont know what something means. So what does it mean, for example, if a CEO is earning a thousand times more money than the lowest paid employee in an organization? Well, to an outside watchdog group, that could be corporate greed. To financial analysts on Wall Street, that could be good management. So you have to understand the context if youre going to understand the meaning of communication. The second thing I would suggest that people think about in terms of communicating in organizations is that communication creates relationships. A lot of people think all communication is about getting your point across, making sure that youre clear in your communication. I take a bit of a different view. Communication creates the relationships that you have with people. Theres that old saying, sticks and stones may break my bones but words will never harm me. It is a terrible, terrible axiom because the words we do use can harm people because they create different relationships. So how you talk does matter. The third thing I would simply say is that people need to be curious about communication. I think one of the biggest problems people run into in organizations when they communicate is they think they know what the other person means. Many times we act on false assumptions. You need to get curious about what people are saying and ask questions like, well, what do you mean by that? and where do you think this is going to take us? and just a number of different questions to sort out what it is that people are meaning because we come from different kinds of experiences, different backgrounds and we need to really understand what a person means by the words that they use.  [2]   4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION Communication requires the transfer of informations from one person to another, and this kind of transfer of informations is dynamic. Writing is a static process of transfer of informations. The written language can be more precise. The choice of written words can be done with greater deliberation and thought. Writer can rewrite his text .The reader can read the text as he wishes. He can do it quickly, slowly or the reader can stop thinking in order to think about the informations that he has just read. The reader also has a possibility of re-reading the text. Speeches should be precise. There needs to be a lot of preparations and compresion for oral communication to be precise. When a word is once spoken it cant be retracted. The speaker can only apoligize for a mistake. One can read from a written text and can achieve with it the same degree of verbal precision as written communication. In most cases audience finds speech-reading uninteresting and boring. Oral communication is considered to be effective in expressing meaning to an audience. During the speech a few signals are available to a speaker: gestures, intonation,ninflection, volume, pitch, pauses, movement, visual cues as appearence The speaker has more control over the informations that the listener will hear than the writer has over what the reader will read. Reading an audience is a systematic and cumulative endeavor unavailable to the writer. As one speaks, the audience provides its own visual cues about whether it is finding the argument coherent, comprehensible, or interesting. Speakers should avoid focusing on single individuals within an audience. 5. COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE The notion of communicative competence was introduced by dell Hymes in the late 1960s. Children grow up in the midst of verbal interactions in which they need to pay attention not only to grammatical form (the order of words and their inflection) but also to the implications, for themselves and other participants, of what is said. To the extent to which linguistic research is concerned with the association between forms and meanings, it should recognize that any linguistic expression is associated with and often reproduces a set of attitudes, values, and beliefs about the world. To be a fluent speaker means to be able to recognize and exploit such attitudes, values and beliefs. Furthermore, language is often only one of the codes used for communication. Speakers complement, refine, and sometimes neutralize or even contradict the meaning of words they use by relying on gestures and eye gaze, and by the use of tools and other material resources around them. The notion of communicative competence was also meant to encourage the study of different codes and modes of communicating within and across situations. Although the term competence echoes Chomskys use of the same word, the addition of the adjective communicative broadens the object of inquiry. Furthermore, while Chomskys notion of competence refers to an abstract set of (typically unconscious) rules-based on an innate language faculty and independent of actual usage-Hymes notion of competence refers to the knowledge necessary for adequately communicating in real life situations. Hence the attention to what speakers actually do with language that is implicit in the notion of communicative competence is not only a methodological but also a theoretical concern. That is, it not only allows us to start from what people do with language in order to infer what they need to know, but alsorecognizes that knowledge of language is gained from participation in actual communicative events, implying the simultaneous relian ce on a number of semiotic resources and the collaboration of other participants. In this sense, Hymes notion of competence is not separate from the notion of performance the use of language as it is in Chompskys model. The introduction of the notion of communicative competence was consistent with Hymes earlier call for a new interdisciplinary field, the etnography of communication (sometimes called the etnography of speaking). This field is dedicated to the empirical study of patterns of speaking in different communities around the world. Theoretically, it draw from a number of traditions, most notably Roman JakobsonS functionalism as represented in his speech event model, from which Hymes derived his notion of communicative event, which is a unit of analysis conceived for the study of communicative competence. In This framework, speaker competence is no longer defined exclusively in terms of their knowledge of grammatical rules, but is also defined in terms of the range of communicative events in which they can participate. Such a range defines persons repertoire within a given community. 6. MOST USUAL MISTAKES IN ORAL COMMUNICATION Commuincators in the process of communication are influenced by several inputs and a deficiency in the quality of any of these inputs can prevent successful communication. According to Adler and Rodman(2006), communicators personal and social background, perception of self and others and verbal and non-verbal language skills are the main inputs influencing the process of communication. Communicators personal background factors such as age, motivation, literacy, and social class make the language learning experience of all individuals unique.  [3]   There are a few factors which can affect oral communication: Language difficulties The use of jargon Accent Physical condition affecting speach or hearing Environmental condition Grammar problems If the persons dont speak the same language fluently, normal conversation is hard to expect. Evidently they will have troubles in understanding each other. Here are a few english words whic are most commonly misspronounced: Archipelago Arctic Accessory Athlete Candidate Chaos Clothes Dilate Height Heinous Hierarchy Illinois Interpret Miniature mischievous Orient Old-fashioned Picture precipitation Drowned Preventive Pronunciation Prostate Jewelry Library Medievel Accent is also one of the factors that can strongly affect the communication between people. If two persons have different accents their communication may not be succesful. Their differences in speach may create misunderstandings. Physical condition affecting speach or hearing is one of the important factors that can influence normal communicaton. If persons who are communicating have a speech or hearing impairment the way that they communicate may have to be adapted. One of the factors by which oral communication is affected is enviromental condition. If persons are communicating in noisy conditions there might be the possibility that one of them miss the important information. In this conditions normal communication is very hard to achieve. Jargon is one of the factors that can affect communication. Especially in working situations people use words and phrases that mean something to them and their colleagues in their workplace or industry but which could be a foreign language to others. Grammar problem is important factor which affects communication. If people lack knowledge of grammar it is hard for them to create sentence, and it is hard to have normal communication in this conditions. There are few most common mistakes that people usually make. Here are the examples of a few gramaticaly incorrect sentences: The man which works here is from Brazil. Ana is married with a doctor. John must to call Isabel immadiately. Although it was snowing,but we had a good time. I like very much chocolate. He can to walk. Where I can find this person? (Where can I find this person?) I have been here since five months. The room is not enough big. (The room is not big enough.) There is nine boys in the bus. We didnt see nobody. He leaves in 6:00 am. Do you like a cup of coffee? Nick should not to drink alcohol 7. IMPROVEMENT OF ORALCOMMUNICATION No matter how good one knows the language, during the oral communication people make mistakes. These mistakes happen from different reasons. Even though oral communication is an effective way of receiving your message across to your listeners, it can also create misunderstanding, misinterpretation and confusion. This happens because each person has his own way of interpreting even when you speak the same language as your listener. There are a few ways to avoid this problems and to improve oral communication. One of the ways to improve oral communication is reading (books and other scriptures). If the person wants to avoid the problem of misunderstanding then it would be good to use simple words that can be clearly understood. Also in order to improve oral skills it is recomandable for a person to be a good listener, because effective communication includes speaking and active listening. If a person listens carefully , what the speaker is talking about, he improves his understanding. If a person wants his listeneres to understand the message it is good to tell a story, joke or read a quote. Jokes usually help people to relax, and in that way their mind will be more open to listen to a speaker. The way in which the story is told can affect the thinking of the listeners. Asking the right questions is also helpful in order to improve communication. A à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Why questions gives a person a lot of reasons, excuses, understanding and explanations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾How questions set someones brain thinking for a solution, useful information and a strategy. By asking questions one can create a positive debate and interaction that will benefit all involved. If a speaker wants his speech to be good he should think and prepare before he speaks.. Misunderstanding can occur if a speaker exppresses himself without thinking and allows his emotions to take over. It is good for a speaker to create thoughts in his mind first and then to tell them aloud. Communication can be considered effective if a speaker reduces the use of verbal pauses. If a speaker often stops his sentence and adds à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ah, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾um, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾well it can be very irritating to his listeners. To solve this problemm its good for a speaker to record his own voice and in that way he will be aware of all the mistakes he does during the speech. In this we way the speaker can improve his style of speaking. To have an effective commnication speaker should use words and phrases with care. Speaker shouldnt allow himself that people assume what he is trying to say. Speaker should speak with specifity, and words like never, ever, all, or always need to be avoided. One of the characteristics that speaker should posses is honesty, because if the speaker is promising something to people that is not possible it will break down any trust that the speaker has developed. It is also recomandable for a speaker to relax while speaking. It is important that one doesnt speak in hurry, because that could create impresion that the speaker is confused. Eye contact is also important. If the speaker is facing a crowd he shouldnt look at one person for more than 5 seconds. 8.CONCLUSION From this paper we could learn the most common mistakes people do during oral communication. Most people think that communication is about transferring informations clearly. Regardless of the context, of who youre talking to and of the situation, you need to be clear in your communication. I think thats a misperception because there are times at which being ambiguous can be very effective in your communication. I think one of the reasons that this is a misperception-that we need to be clear-is that our dominant way of thinking about communication is that its about getting your point across, or what some people call transferring information. I think we need to think about communication differently and change the perception of what communication is, that communication is about creating relationships, whether thats creating romantic relationships, whether thats creating relationships in a team, in the workplace, say between an employee and his or her boss, or whether thats creating relationships among nations or countries. It is good to think about communication as a process of creating relationship. So how we communicate creates different things. I think one of the biggest misperceptions is thinking that clear communication is good communication. And I think the reason we think that is because we have a model of communication that says that communication is about transferring information. I think that misperception goes away if we change our perception to one in which communication creates relationships.